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Table II. Mechanical properties of implant alloys and human bone.Material Tensile Strength MNm 2 Yield Strength MNm Vickers Hardness H Youngs Modulus.Corrosion of Aluminum Alloys.Aluminum and its alloys are divided into two broad classes, castings and wrought or mechanically worked products.The latter is.Copper Nickel Alloys Austral Wright Metals.Excellent Resistance to Corrosion and Bio Fouling in Sea Water.Copper nickel alloys have high resistance to sea water environments.UN1001%3A+Section+9%3A+Stress+Corrosion.jpg' alt='Stress Corrosion Cracking In Copper Alloys Properties' title='Stress Corrosion Cracking In Copper Alloys Properties' />There are two common alloys, containing nominally 1.The 1.Chemical Composition.ASTM B4.Seamless copper nickel pipe tube.Alloy.Name. Copper.Stress Corrosion Cracking In Copper Alloys Properties And Uses' title='Stress Corrosion Cracking In Copper Alloys Properties And Uses' />Copper and Copper Alloys form an important group of metals with many excellent properties.They have very good electrical and thermal conductivities, offering twice.Nickel.Iron. Lead.C7. 06.C7. 15. 00. 70 3.Sea Water Pipe Work.Offshore Fire Water Systems.Heat Exchangers and Condensers.Sea Water Intakes.Excellent Resistance to Corrosion and Bio Fouling in Sea Water.Coppernickel alloys have high resistance to sea water environments.There are two common alloys.Fouling on intakes and intake screens can restrict water flow and if detached cause blockages to heat exchangers or cause mechanical damage to pumps and valves.Copper nickel with its high resistance to macrofouling can be very beneficial in this application.Photo International Copper Research Association.Fish Farming.Sheathing of Legs and Risers on Offshore Platforms.ADM_SCC.jpg' alt='Stress Corrosion Cracking In Copper Alloys Properties' title='Stress Corrosion Cracking In Copper Alloys Properties' />Boat Hulls.Copper nickel is one of the few engineering materials with good inherent resistance to both corrosion and biofouling making the alloy a suitable material for boat hulls without recourse to cathodic protection or antifouling and anticorrosion paints.Hydraulic Lines.With adequate strength to withstand pressures in most marine hydraulic and instrumentation systems, copper nickel provides good service, combined with ease of manipulation at installation.Desalination Units.Considerable quantities of 9.Multi Stage Flash Desalination Units predominately located in the Middle East.The alloy is a prime condenser tubing material for the Heat Recovery Section and is also used for water boxes, tube plates and other fabrications as solid material or as clad steel plate.Alloy Properties.Low General Corrosion Rates in Sea Water.General corrosion rates are normally in the order of 0.Resistance to Stress Corrosion Cracking Due to Ammonia in Sea Water Copper based alloys e.However copper nickel has the highest resistance to this and stress corrosion in sea water is not known to be a problem.High Resistance to Crevice Corrosion Stress Corrosion due to Chlorides.Copper nickel is not susceptible to the type of crevice corrosion and stress corrosion cracking found in stainless steels.As such there is not a related temperature limitation for use in chloride environments.Good Pitting Resistance The resistance to pitting in clean sea water is good and if pits do occur they tend to be broad and shallow in nature rather than undercut.Readily Weldable and No Post Weld Heat Treatment Required.Mechanism of Corrosion Resistance.The corrosion resistance of the alloys is due to the protective surface film formed when in contact with water.On initial immersion cuprous oxide is formed but complex changes occur in sea water which research work is only now beginning to elucidate.At a flow rate of 0.Normally, design flow rates of up to 3.This figure makes allowance for the fact that local speeds may be higher at changes of direction, points of divergence, etc.If water velocity is excessive, it can cause vortices leading to impingement attack which can cause premature failure.Where surfaces in contact with water allow smooth flow, as in ships hulls, different design criteria apply.As mentioned, the fouling resistance is due to the copper ions at the surface, making it inhospitable to most marine organisms in slowly moving water.In static conditions there may be some deposition of chemical salts and biological slimes, possibly leading to some weakly adherent fouling but such residues are easily detached from the metals corrosion resistant surface, exposing a fresh, biocidally active surface.Easy to Fabricate.Hot and cold working techniques can be used but because of the good ductility of the alloy, cold working is normally preferred.Sea Water Piping Systems can last a Ships Lifetime.Experience over the last 4.Inherent Resistance to Biofouling.The protective oxide surface film which forms naturally on Cu.Ni in sea water also provides an inhospitable surface to deter marine growth.Corrosion in Sea Water.The 9.Tables 1. 0 and 1.For example, the 9.The corrosion resistance of the 9.Figure 1.Table 7 gives the relative resistance of various alloys to fouling in quiet sea water.If water velocity is accelerated above 1 msec, any slight bio fouling on metal with good fouling resistance will be easily detached and swept away.On a material that does not have this good fouling resistance, strongly adherent, marine organisms would continue to thrive and multiply.Design Conditions for Sea Water Service.The effect of water velocity on fouling and corrosion rates of various metals is shown in Figure 1, which also shows the typical service design speeds for some items of common equipment in contact with sea water.The excellent corrosion resistance of 7.Some materials with apparently better corrosion resistance may have disadvantages such as lack of resistance to bio fouling, lack of availability in the forms required, or susceptibility to crevice corrosion.They may also be more expensive and therefore less cost effective over the required service lifetime.Crevice Corrosion and Biofouling.Crevice corrosion can occur in components in sea water when they are locally starved of oxygen at a joint or under attached bio fouling.Table 8 shows the good tolerance of the copper nickel alloys to this type of attack, giving these alloys advantages over other materials of equal corrosion resistance.The copper nickel alloys have good corrosion resistance in the quiescent or stagnant conditions which may occur during the commissioning or overhaul of plant.Where plant is not being used at design speeds some other materials may fail.Development of a Corrosion Resistant Surface.When first brought into use, care must be taken to allow copper nickel alloys to form their protective corrosion resistant surface freely.Normally, this protective film will develop in six to eight weeks.Contact with other less noble metals or with cathodic protection systems must be avoided to ensure development of the corrosion resistant surface film and the non fouling properties.Stress Corrosion Cracking.Copper nickel alloys do not suffer the stress corrosion problems associated with some other materials, such as copper zinc alloys brass with more than 1.Specified Minimum Properties.ASTM B1.Copper copper alloy seamless condenser tubes ferrule stock.Temper.Code. 0. 5 Proof Stress.Tensile Strength.Elongation.MPa. MPaAnnealed.O6.Cold Drawn. H5. 52.Physical Properties.Property.Metric Units.Imperial Units.Melting Point Liquidus1.C2.FMelting Point Solidus1.C2.FDensity.C0. 3. 23 lbin 6.FSpecific Gravity.Coefficient of Thermal Expansion.C 2.C9. F 6.FThemal Conductivity.Wm.K 2. 0C2. BTUftfthrF 6.FThermal Capacity Specific Heat3.Jkg.K 2. 0C0. BTUlbF 6.FElectrical Conductivity Annealed5.C9.IACSElectrical Resistivity Annealed0.C1.FModulus of Elasticity tension1.GPa 2.C2. 0 x 1.FModulus of Rigidity torsion5.GPa 2.C7. 5 x 1.FFabrication Properties.Joining Technique.Suitability.Soldering.Excellent.Brazing.Good. Oxy Acetylene Welding.Not Recommended.Gas Shielded Arc Welding.Excellent.Coated Metal Arc Welding.Good.Resistance Welding.Good.Fabrication Technique.Suitability.Capacity for Being Cold Worked.Excellent.Capacity for Being Hot Worked.Good.Hot Working Temperature.CAnnealing Temperature.CStress Relieving Temperature.CMachinability Rating.PolishingElectroplating Finish.Excellent.ASTM Product Specifications.Title.B4. 69. Seamless Copper Alloy Tubes for Pressure Applications.B4.Seamless Copper Nickel Pipe and Tube.B5.Seamless Welded Copper Nickel Tubes for Water Desalting.B5.Welded Copper Copper Alloy Heat Exchanger Tube.B6.Welded Copper Alloy Pipe.B4.Welded Copper Nickel Pipe.B1.Copper Nickel Zinc Alloy Nickel Silver Copper Nickel Rod Bar.B1.Copper Copper Alloy Seamless Condenser Tubes Ferrule Stock.B3.Copper Copper Alloy Seamless Condenser Heat Exchanger Tubes with Integral Fins.B1.Copper Alloy Plate Sheet for Pressure Vessels, Condensers Heat Exchangers.B1.Copper Nickel Tin Alloy, Copper Nickel Zinc Alloy Nickel Silver, Copper Nickel Plate, Sheet, Strip Rolled Bar.Monel Wikipedia.Monel is a group of nickel alloys, primarily composed of nickel up to 6.Stronger than pure nickel, Monel alloys are resistant to corrosion by many agents, including rapidly flowing seawater.They can be fabricated readily by hot and cold working, machining, and welding.Monel was created by Robert Crooks Stanley, who worked 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is typically much more expensive than stainless steel.Monel alloy 4.C, an electrical conductivity of approximately 3.IACS, and in the annealed state a hardness of 6.Rockwell B.Monel alloy 4.Monel alloy 4.Strength and hardness increase with only slight impairment of ductility or impact resistance.The alloy does not undergo a ductile to brittle transition even when cooled to the temperature of liquid hydrogen.This is in marked contrast to many ferrous materials which are brittle at low temperatures despite their increased strength.Aerospace applicationseditIn the 1.Monel metal found bulk uses in aircraft construction, especially in making the frames and skins of experimentalrocket planes, such as the North American X 1.Monel metal retains its strength at very high temperatures, allowing it to maintain its shape at high atmospheric flight speeds, a trade off against the increased weight of the parts due to Monels high density.Monel is used for safety wiring in the aircraft maintenance to ensure that fasteners cannot come undone, usually in high temperature areas stainless wire is used in other areas for economy.Oil production and refiningeditMonel is used in the section of Alkylation units in direct contact with concentrated hydrofluoric acid.Monel offers exceptional resistance to hydrofluoric acid in all concentrations up to the boiling point.It is perhaps the most resistant of all commonly used engineering alloys.The alloy is also resistant to many forms of sulfuric and hydrochloric acids under reducing conditions.Marine applicationseditMonels corrosion resistance makes it ideal in applications such as piping systems, pump shafts, seawater valves, trolling wire, and strainer baskets.Some alloys are completely non magnetic and are used for anchor cable aboard minesweepers,7 housings for magnetic field measurement equipment.In recreational boating, Monel wire is used to seize shackles for anchor ropes, Monel is used for water and fuel tanks, and for underwater applications.It is also used for propeller shafts and for keel bolts.However, because of the problem of electrolytic action in salt water also known as Galvanic corrosion, in shipbuilding Monel must be carefully insulated from other metals such as steel.The New York Times on August 1.Monel hull, that went to pieces in just six weeks and had to be scrapped, on account of the disintegration of her bottom by electrical action.The yachts steel skeleton deteriorated due to electrolytic interaction with the Monel.In seabird research, and bird banding or ringing in particular, Monel has been used to make bird bands or rings for many species such as albatross that live in a corrosive sea water environment.Musical instrumentseditMonel is used as the material for valve pistons or rotors in some higher quality musical instruments such as trumpets, tubas and French horns.Roto.Sound introduced the use of Monel for electric bass strings in 1.Steve Harris of Iron Maiden, The Who, Sting, John Deacon, 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Martin Co.Monel for their Martin Retro acoustic guitar strings.The Pyramid string factory Germany produces Monel classics electric guitar strings, wound on a round core.In 2.DAddario string company released a line of violin strings using a Monel winding on the D and G string.Identification tags made from Monel.Good resistance against corrosion by acids and oxygen makes Monel a good material for the chemical industry.Even corrosive fluorides can be handled within Monel apparatus this was done in an extensive way in the enrichment of uranium in the Oak Ridge Gaseous Diffusion Plant.Here most of the larger diameter tubing for the uranium hexafluoride was made from Monel.Regulators for reactive cylinder gases like hydrogen chloride form another example, where PTFE is not a suitable option when high delivery pressures are required.These will sometimes include a Monel manifold and taps prior to the regulator that allow the regulator to be flushed with a dry, inert gas after use to further protect the equipment.In the early 2.Monel was advertised as being desirable for use in superheated steam systems.During the world wars, Monel was used for US military dog tags.Monel doorknobs in the Bryn Athyn Cathedral.Monel is often used for kitchen sinks and in the frames of eyeglasses.It has also been used for firebox stays in fire tube boilers.Parts of the Clock of the Long Now, which is intended to run for 1.Monel because of the corrosion resistance without the use of precious metals.The Way Of All Flesh Movie 1940 .Monel was used for much of the exposed metal used in the interior of the Bryn Athyn Cathedral in Pennsylvania, religious seat of the General Church of the New Jerusalem.This included large decorative screens, doorknobs, etc.Monel also has been used as roofing material in buildings such as the original Pennsylvania Station in New York City.The greenish roof of Pennsylvania Station was made from monel.The 1.Acura Honda NSX came with a key made of Monel.Oilfield applications include using Monel rarely see directional drilling above in both flex and slick collars.Instruments magnetometers or compass which measure the Earths magnetic field to obtain a magnetic direction are placed in the non magnetic collar which isolates sensors from the magnetic pull of drilling tools located above and below the non magnetic collars.They are often referred to as Monel collars as that was the first material used to make the collars and the name stuck.Monel is also used as a protective binding material on the outside of western style stirrups.Monel is used by Arrow Fastener Co., Inc.T5.Monel has also been used in Kelvinator refrigerators.Monel was used in the Baby Alice Thumb Guard, a 1.Trade Name.ASTMAISIAlloy type.UNS Cu Al Ti Fe Mn Si Ni.Monel 4.B 1.B 1. 64. N0. 44.Monel 4. 01. N0. 44.Monel 4.N0. 44.Rem. 0. 0.Monel K 5. 00. B 8.N0.Monel 4. 05. B 1.N0.Monel 4. 00editMonel 4.It also has good ductility and thermal conductivity.Monel 4.It is covered by the following standards BS 3.NA 1.DTD 2. 04.B and ASTM B1.Large use of Monel 4.Monel 4.This alloy is designed for use in specialized electric and electronic applications.Alloy 4. Free Download Aplikasi Flash Player Untuk Android Tablets here. |
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